We have previously pioneered the development of a series of simple and versatile methods to fabricate a novel category of 3D scaffolds based on fibrous structures. Vertical bioprinting strategies such as extrusion cryoprinting, embedded extrusion printing, and liquid-embedded printing are proposed by us to print functional micro-structures such as fibrous or vascular structures, which can prepare micro-tissues with complex structures that are difficult to prepare by conventional printing. Those 3D scaffolds could be used for various biomedical applications, including organ chips for cell delivery, drug delivery, drug screening, and organ repair.